Biofertilizers: Harnessing Microbial Potential for Sustainable Agriculture
ABSTRACT
Chemical fertilizers are widely used in modern agriculture, but their excessive application can degrade soil health and harm the environment. Biofertilizers offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative by utilizing beneficial microorganisms to enhance nutrient availability and promote plant growth. These microbes can fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus and potassium, oxidize sulphur, and produce phytohormones and enzymes that support plant development and disease resistance. Common biofertilizer organisms include Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, and Mycorrhizal fungi. Applied through seed treatment, soil amendment, or root dipping, they improve crop yield, reduce dependence on chemical inputs, and enhance soil structure. However, challenges such as host specificity, short shelf life, and inconsistent quality limit their widespread adoption. Advancements in carrier technology, genetic modification, and regulatory support, along with increased farmer awareness, can help overcome these barriers. This review highlights the mechanisms and benefits of biofertilizers in promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly farming practices.
KEYWORDS: Biofertilizers, Rhizobia, Mycorrhiza, Nitrogen fixation, PGPR, Agriculture, Microbial inoculants
